Nosema ceranae is a hot topic in honey bee health as reflected by numerous papers
published every year. This review presents an update of the knowledge generated in the last …

Social insect colonies have evolved collective immune defences against parasites. These
'social immune systems' result from the cooperation of the individual group members to …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

This research advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that, in the course of the
prehistoric exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa, variation in migratory distance to various …

Here we cover a wide range of methods currently in use and recommended in modern
queen rearing, selection and breeding. The recommendations are meant to equally serve as …

The natural diversity of honey bees in Europe is eroding fast. A multitude of reasons lead to
a loss of both genetic diversity and specific adaptations to local conditions. To preserve …

We review our ecological understanding of wildlife infectious diseases from the individual
host to the ecosystem scale, highlighting where conceptual thinking lacks verification …

Microbial symbionts living within animal guts are largely composed of resident bacterial
species, forming communities that often provide benefits to the host. Gut microbiomes of …

The consequences of polyandry for female fitness are controversial. Sexual conflict studies
and a meta‐analysis of mating rates in insects suggest that there is a longevity cost when …

Honey bees are attacked by numerous parasites and pathogens toward which they present
a variety of individual and group-level defenses. In this review, we briefly introduce the many …