The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a widespread neuromodulatory network involved in
the develo** central nervous system as well as playing a major role in tuning many …

Caffeine is the most frequently used substance with a central nervous system stimulant
effect, but its consumption is most often due to the intake of foods and drinks that contain it …

Limited evidence has suggested that terpenes found in Cannabis sativa are analgesic, and
could produce an “entourage effect” whereby they modulate cannabinoids to result in …

Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and
dopaminergic neurotransmission. In the present essay we first review the extensive …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, can take on a range of pro-or anti-
inflammatory phenotypes to maintain homeostasis. However, the sustained activation of pro …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of receptors involved in cellular
signaling across the plasma membrane and a major class of drug targets. The canonical …

Astrocytic receptors influence cognitive function and can promote behavioral deficits in
disease. These effects may vary based on variables such as biological sex, but it is not …

This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P 2 X
and P 2 Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A 1 and A 2A receptors) …

Abstract Background and Purpose Allosterism is a regulatory mechanism for GPCRs that
can be attained by ligand‐binding or protein–protein interactions with another GPCR. We …

Dysfunction of goal-directed behaviors under stressful or pathological conditions results in
impaired decision-making and loss of flexibility of thoughts and behaviors, which underlie …