The synthetic cathinones are derived from the naturally occurring drug cathinone found in
the khat plant (Catha edulis) and have chemical structures and neurochemical …

Substance use and abuse begin during adolescence. Male and female adolescent humans
initiate use at comparable rates, but males increase use faster. In adulthood, more men than …

Adolescence is an evolutionarily conserved developmental period, with neural circuits and
behaviors contributing to the detection, procurement, and receipt of rewards bearing …

Epidemiological studies have shown that people who begin experimenting drugs of abuse
during adolescence are more likely to develop substance use disorders, and the earliest is …

This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 …

Rationale The dynorphin (DYN)/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system is involved in the
dysphoric properties of drugs of abuse. Given that adolescents show reduced sensitivity to …

Adolescence is a transitional phase marked by a heightened vulnerability to substances of
abuse. It has been hypothesized that both increased sensitivity to reward and decreased …

Adolescent rats are more sensitive to the rewarding and less sensitive to the aversive
properties of various drugs of abuse than their adult counterparts. Given a nationwide …

Functional elucidation of the endogenous opioid system temporally paralleled the creation
and growth of the journal, Peptides, under the leadership of its founding editor, Dr. Abba …

Background Development of preclinical methodology for evaluating the abuse liability of
electronic cigarettes (ECs) in adolescents is urgently needed to inform FDA regulation of …