The Atlantic gateway to the Arctic Ocean is influenced by vigorous inflows of Atlantic Water.
The high-latitude impacts of these inflows have strengthened owing to climate change …

Ocean warming, primarily resulting from the escalating levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, leads to a rise in the temperature of the Earth's oceans. These gases act as …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Trait-based approaches are increasingly recognized as a tool for understanding ecosystem
re-assembly and function under intensifying global change. Here we synthesize trait-based …

A rich body of knowledge links biodiversity to ecosystem functioning (BEF), but it is primarily
focused on small scales. We review the current theory and identify six expectations for scale …

The ocean is home to myriad small planktonic organisms that underpin the functioning of
marine ecosystems. However, their spatial patterns of diversity and the underlying drivers …

Abstract Changes in the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere and Ocean are drastically altering
the dynamics of phytoplankton, the base of marine ecosystems. This Review addresses four …

As Earth's climate rapidly changes, species range shifts are considered key to species
persistence. However, some range-shifting species will alter community structure and …

The polar regions, notably the Arctic and maritime Antarctic, are experiencing impacts from
climate change at magnitudes and rates that are among the highest in the world, and will …

The Arctic marine biome, shrinking with increasing temperature and receding sea-ice cover,
is tightly connected to lower latitudes through the North Atlantic. By flowing northward …