Gram-negative bacteria depend on their cell membranes for survival and environmental
adaptation. They contain two membranes, one of which is the outer membrane (OM), which …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Quinolone antibiotics represent one of the most important classes of anti-infective agents
and, although still clinically valuable, their use has been compromised by the increasing …

The substantial use of antibiotics in the clinic, combined with a dearth of new antibiotic
classes, has led to a gradual increase in the resistance of bacterial pathogens to these …

To date most antibiotics are targeted at intracellular processes, and must be able to
penetrate the bacterial cell envelope. In particular, the outer membrane of gram-negative …

Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for a large proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacterial
diseases. These bacteria have a complex cell envelope that comprises an outer membrane …

Two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) are a major mechanism by which bacteria sense
and respond to changes in their environment. TCSs typically consist of two proteins that …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) has appeared in response to selective pressures resulting from
the incorrect use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. This inappropriate application and …

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen with an increased
prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains. The role of the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) …

Understanding how nonelectroactive bacteria (non-EAB) perceive and respond to electro-
stimulation is pivotal for optimizing electro-biostimulation systems. Here, Escherichia coli, a …