Abstract Aim The “2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure”
replaces the “2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure” and the …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in
individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Secular changes in CVD outcomes have …

Abstract The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, known as GLP-1R, is a vital
component of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is found primarily on the …

Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When
the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is …

Background GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)
in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, uncertainty regarding kidney outcomes persists …

Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease with no cure and high morbidity and
mortality that occurs commonly in the general adult population, especially in people with …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit an elevated cardiovascular risk
manifesting as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac …

Nearly half of all adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) live in India and China. These
populations have an underlying predisposition to deficient insulin secretion, which has a key …

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the renal
proximal tubule, an insulin-independent mechanism that plays a critical role in glycemic …

After the publication of the revised edition, therapeutic drugs described in “Future Treatment”
were approved and important evidence for pharmacologic therapy and nonpharmacologic …