Background Parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) in response to nociceptive stimulus in
conscious non‐sedated horses is unknown. Objectives Study PTA, heart rate (HR), and …

The use of grimace scales enables the clinical identification of changes in the facial
expressions of animals caused by pain. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) is one such tool …

Gastric ulcer disease and other potentially painful gastric conditions are among the most
common afflictions adversely affecting the welfare of domestic equids. A large percentage of …

• Signs of dental pain can be very subtle and are easily missed by both owners and
veterinary professionals and the need for the development of a reliable method of …

Colic in horses is a common disease syndrome and could lead to death sometimes if not
diagnosed quickly; however, the use of some diagnostic devices like ultrasound, which is …