Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides (fewer than 30 amino acids) that have
been predominantly used in basic and preclinical research during the last 30 years. Since …

Cancer is currently ineffectively treated using therapeutic drugs, and is also able to resist
drug action, resulting in increased side effects following drug treatment. A novel therapeutic …

In today's modern era of medicine, macromolecular compounds such as proteins, peptides
and nucleic acids are dethroning small molecules as leading therapeutics. Given their …

The presence of cell and tissue barriers together with the low biomembrane permeability of
various therapeutics often hampers systemic drug distribution; thus, most of the available …

Cell membranes with their selective permeability play important functions in the tight control
of molecular exchanges between the cytosol and the extracellular environment as the …

Efficient intracellular drug delivery and target specificity are often hampered by the presence
of biological barriers. Thus, compounds that efficiently cross cell membranes are the key to …

While knowledge of the composition and mode of action of bee and wasp venoms dates
back 50 years, the therapeutic value of these toxins remains relatively unexploded. The …

The plasma membrane as a selectively permeable barrier of living cells is essential to cell
survival and function. In many cases, however, the efficient passage of exogenous bioactive …

In the field of nanotherapeutics, gaining cellular entry into the cytoplasm of the target cell
continues to be an ultimate challenge. There are many physicochemical factors such as …

This paper reviews the best known techniques using circular dichroism spectroscopy such
as conventional circular dichroism (ie electronic circular dichroism), magnetic circular …