A hydrogel is a polymer material with a porous network structure, which allows the hydrogel
to swell rapidly underwater without dissolving. This unique property of hydrogels lays the …

Micropatterned materials have developed in nature over 3.8 billion years, with remarkable
performance. Nature inspiration is the process of understanding biological mechanisms and …

Many organisms in nature thrive in intricate habitats through their unique bio-adhesive
surfaces, facilitating tasks such as capturing prey and reproduction. It's important to note that …

In nature, many organisms are able to accommodate a complex living environment by
develo** biological wet adhesive surfaces with unique functions such as fixation and …

Superior wet attachment and friction performance without the need of special external or
preloaded normal force, similar to the tree frog's toe pad, is highly essential for biomedical …

In nature, millions of creatures, such as geckos, tree frogs, octopuses, etc., have evolved
fantastic switchable adhesion capabilities to climb swiftly on vertical even inverted surfaces …

In nature, many organisms can effectively fix to contact substrates and move and prey in
complex living environments, such as underwater, seawater, and tidal environments, owing …

Tree frogs have the remarkable ability to attach to smooth, rough, dry, and wet surfaces
using their versatile toe pads. Tree frog attachment involves the secretion of mucus into the …

Emerging next‐generation soft electronics will require versatile properties functioning under
mechanical compliance, which will involve the use of different types of materials. As a result …

In virtue of extracellular features, hydrogels have been used in various areas such as tissue
repair, artificial skins, and biological electronics, etc. Intact contact of tough hydrogels to …