The human microbiome is composed of a collection of dynamic microbial communities that
inhabit various anatomical locations in the body. Accordingly, the coevolution of the …

Natural living materials serving as biotherapeutics exhibit great potential for treating various
diseases owing to their immunoactivity, tissue targeting, and other biological activities. In this …

As adjuvants or antigens, bacterial membranes have been widely used in recent
antibacterial and antitumor research, but they are often injected multiple times to achieve …

As natural living substances, microorganisms have emerged as useful resources in
medicine for creating microbe-material hybrids ranging from nano to macro dimensions. The …

Topical drug delivery is widely used in various diseases because of the advantages of not
passing through the gastrointestinal tract, avoiding gastrointestinal irritation and hepatic first …

Recent advancements in genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics have significantly
advanced our understanding of the human gut microbiome and its impact on the efficacy …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent condition affecting the
gastrointestinal tract. Disturbed gut microbiota and abnormal bile acid (BA) metabolism are …

Viral infections in humans are responsible for fatalities worldwide and contribute to the
incidence of various human ailments. Controllable targeted medicine delivery against many …

The management and treatment of disease are achieved via the use of pharmacologically
active substances or drugs. Drugs do not, however, have an intrinsic ability to be effective; …

The importance of the microbiota in the intestinal tract for human health has been
increasingly recognized. In this perspective, microbiome modulation, a targeted alteration of …