Dendritic cells (DCs) contribute a small fraction of the tumor microenvironment but are
emerging as an essential antitumor component based on their ability to foster T cell …

Type I interferons (IFNs) are known for their key role in antiviral immune responses. In this
Review, we discuss accumulating evidence indicating that type I IFNs produced by …

Radiation therapy for cancer can lead to off-target toxicity and can be ineffective against
hypoxic solid tumours and distant metastases. Here, we show that intratumoral injection, in …

The immune system plays a critical role in our health. No other component of human
physiology plays a decisive role in as diverse an array of maladies, from deadly diseases …

Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer
immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV …

Accumulated evidence obtained from various clinical trials and animal studies suggested
that cancer vaccines need better adjuvants than those that are currently licensed, which …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains incurable despite multimodal treatments after
surgical debulking. Almost all patients with GBM relapse within a narrow margin (2–3 cm) of …

Vaccines harness the inherent properties of the immune system to prevent diseases or treat
existing ones. Continuous efforts have been devoted to both gaining a mechanistic …

Unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG
ODNs), which are synthetic agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), activate humoral and …

Immunotherapy shows immense promise for improving cancer treatment. Combining
immunotherapy with radiotherapy provides a conspicuous advantage due to its enhanced …