Since Freud, clinicians have understood that disturbing memories contribute to
psychopathology and that new emotional experiences contribute to therapeutic change. Yet …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its end-effectors glucocorticoid
hormones play central roles in the adaptive response to numerous stressors that can be …

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Slow-wave sleep is an optimal opportunity for memory consolidation: when encoding occurs
in the presence of a sensory cue, delivery of that cue during sleep enhances retrieval of …

Many abused drugs lead to changes in endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF) expression in neural circuits responsible for addictive behaviors. BDNF is a known …

Memory is often the primary evidence in the courtroom, yet unfortunately this evidence may
not be fit for purpose. This is because memory is both fallible and malleable; it is possible to …

How is the strength of a memory determined? This review discusses three main factors that
contribute to memory enhancement-1) emotion, 2) targeted memory reactivation, and 3) …

Can dreams reveal insight into our cognitive abilities and aptitudes (ie,“human
intelligence”)? The relationship between dream production and trait-like cognitive abilities is …

Declarative memory recall is thought to involve the reinstatement of neural activity patterns
that occurred previously during encoding. Consistent with this view, greater similarity …

The purpose of learning is not to maintain records but to generate predictions. Successful
predictions remain implicit; only prediction errors (“surprises”) attract consciousness. This is …