In this paper, our current understanding and recent advances in the study of ionospheric
storms is reviewed, with emphasis on the F2-region. Ionospheric storms represent an …

Following a brief history and progress of ionospheric research, this paper presents a brief
review of the recent developments in the understanding of two major phenomena in low and …

Abstract On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano erupted
violently and triggered a giant atmospheric shock wave and tsunami. The exact mechanism …

This chapter describes the energy source responsible for the disturbance effects and its
parameterization by geomagnetic activity indices. It discusses of ionospheric storm effects at …

We present the first multi‐instrumental results on the ionospheric response to the
geomagnetic storm of 17–18 March 2015 (the St. Patrick's Day storm) that was up to now the …

The ionosphere's total electron content (TEC) is a parameter widely used in studies of the
near‐Earth plasma environment. The scientific use of TEC appeared early in the artificial …

Abstract Following the 2022 Tonga Volcano eruption, dramatic suppression and deformation
of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests occurred in the American sector∼ 14,000 …

After a historical introduction in Section 1, the paper summarizes in Section 2the physical
principles that govern the behaviour of the ionospheric F2-layer. Section 3reviews the …

The ionosphere displays variations on a wide range of time-scales, ranging from operational
time-scales of hours and days up to solar cycles and longer. We use ionosonde data from …

This paper presents a study of the St Patrick's Day storm of 2015, with its ionospheric
response at middle and low latitudes. The effects of the storm in each longitudinal sector …