Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases (CVPD). Although cigarette smoking has been in …

The RAAS through its physiological effectors plays a key role in promoting and maintaining
inflammation. Inflammation is an important mechanism in the development and progression …

Importance Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a global outbreak
of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 has caused a series of COVID-19 globally. SARS-CoV-2
binds angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and …

Respiratory, circulatory, and renal failure are among the gravest features of COVID-19 and
are associated with a very high mortality rate. A common denominator of all affected organs …

Background Breast cancer angiogenesis is key for metastasis and predicts a poor
prognosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a member of the renin-angiotensin …

Renin angiotensin system (RAS) is known to play a key role in several diseases such as
diabetes, and renal and cardiovascular pathologies. Its blockade has been demonstrated to …

Vascular injury, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, structural remodelling,
inflammation and fibrosis, plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. Cellular …

Background The worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of people leading
to over 0.3 million mortalities. The disruption of sodium homeostasis, tends to be a common …

Rationale: Endothelial dysfunction plays an integral role in pulmonary hypertension (PH).
AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) are …