Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence
MA Elgar - Biological Reviews, 1989 - Wiley Online Library
One commonly cited benefit to animals that forage in groups is an increase in the probability
of detecting a predator, and a decrease in the time spent in predator detection. A …
of detecting a predator, and a decrease in the time spent in predator detection. A …
Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases
G Roberts - Animal behaviour, 1996 - Elsevier
A reduction in individual vigilance with an increase in group size is one of the most
frequently reported relationships in the study of animal behaviour. It has been argued that …
frequently reported relationships in the study of animal behaviour. It has been argued that …
[Free GPT-4]
[DeepSeek]
[DeepSeek]
Grou** of animals is a natural phenomenon in which a number of animal individuals are
involved in movement as forming a group. Examples are insect swarms and fish schools. In …
involved in movement as forming a group. Examples are insect swarms and fish schools. In …
The further evolution of cooperation
R Axelrod, D Dion - Science, 1988 - science.org
Axelrod's model of the evolution of cooperation was based on the iterated Prisoner's
Dilemma. Empirical work following this approach has helped establish the prevalence of …
Dilemma. Empirical work following this approach has helped establish the prevalence of …
Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk
JS Brown - Evolutionary ecology research, 1999 - evolutionary-ecology.com
To balance conflicting demands for food and safety from predation, feeding animals have
two useful tools. First, they can vary the amount of time they devote to harvesting patches …
two useful tools. First, they can vary the amount of time they devote to harvesting patches …
General results concerning the trade-off between gaining energy and avoiding predation
When animals can choose from a range of feeding options, often those options with a higher
energetic gain carry a higher risk of predation. This paper analyses the optimal trade-off …
energetic gain carry a higher risk of predation. This paper analyses the optimal trade-off …
Back to the basics of anti-predatory vigilance: the group-size effect
SL Lima - Animal Behaviour, 1995 - Elsevier
A negative relationship between group size and levels of individual vigilance is widespread
in socially feeding vertebrates. The main explanation of this 'group-size effect', the many …
in socially feeding vertebrates. The main explanation of this 'group-size effect', the many …
The evolutionary advantages of group foraging
CW Clark, M Mangel - Theoretical population biology, 1986 - Elsevier
The relationship between the evolutionary fitness of individual foragers and the size of
foraging groups is investigated by means of a series of simple mathematical models. Two …
foraging groups is investigated by means of a series of simple mathematical models. Two …