Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first identified in leukemia in 1994, they have been
considered promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. These cells have self-renewal …

The Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) pathway is a highly conserved signaling that plays a critical
role in controlling cell specification, cell–cell interaction and tissue patterning during …

The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and-2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and-3, respectively),
are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of …

The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway regulates normal cell growth and differentiation. As a
consequence of improper control, aberrant HH signaling results in tumorigenesis and …

Hedgehog signals are transduced through Patched receptors to the Smoothened (SMO)-
SUFU-GLI and SMO-Gi-RhoA signaling cascades. MTOR-S6K1 and MEK-ERK signals are …

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has higher aggressiveness and poorer outcomes
compared with other subtypes of breast cancer. However, the genomic and molecular …

Tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation of cells within the tumor
that express genetic and phenotypic profiles and signaling pathways distinct from the other …

At present, after extensive studies in the field of cancer, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been
proposed as a major factor in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and recurrence …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding and highly conserved RNAs that act in
biological processes including cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, metabolism, signal …

Tumor cells acquire invasive and metastatic behavior by sensing changes in the localization
and activation of signaling pathways, which in turn determine changes in actin cytoskeleton …