The thin and thick filaments of muscle sarcomeres are interconnected by the giant protein
titin, which is a scaffolding filament, signaling platform, and provider of passive tension and …

Folding may be described conceptually in terms of trajectories over a landscape of free
energies corresponding to different molecular configurations. In practice, energy landscapes …

The mechanical unfolding of the muscle protein titin by atomic force microscopy was a
landmark in our understanding of single-biomolecule mechanics. Molecular dynamics …

The use of force probes to induce unfolding and refolding of single molecules through the
application of mechanical tension, known as single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) …

Single-molecule force spectroscopy with the atomic force microscope provides molecular
level insights into protein function, allowing researchers to reconstruct energy landscapes …

Under physiological conditions, protein oxidation and misfolding occur with very low
probability and on long times scales. Single-molecule techniques provide the ability to …

Chemical reactivity underlies our fundamental understanding of many physical and
biological phenomena. Chemical reactions are typically initiated by heat, electric current or …

The mechanical stability of force-bearing proteins is crucial for their functions. However, slow
transition rates of complex protein domains have made it challenging to investigate their …

According to the Chinese yin-yang concept, seemingly opposing forces give rise and
respond to each other. Opposing forces, whether passive or active, are also at work when …

Here we describe a protocol for using force-clamp spectroscopy to precisely quantify the
effect of force on biochemical reactions. A calibrated force is used to control the exposure of …