Chitosan derived from chitin has gathered much interest as a biopolymer due to its known
and possible broad applications. Chitin is a nitrogen-enriched polymer abundantly present …

Natural bone tissue is composed of calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite as the
inorganic phase and collagen type I as the main organic phase. The biomimetic approach of …

Recently, chitosan has been used as a raw material for synthesis of hydrogels in a wide
range of potential and practical applications like wastewater treatment, drug delivery, and …

Physically cross-linked hydrogels are used as scaffolds in tissue engineering applications
because they are easily produced and avoid the potential toxicity produced by chemical …

Chitosan (CS), the second most plentiful natural polysaccharide next to cellulose, has
valuable characteristics including biocompatibility, nontoxicity and biodegradability. CS is …

Spontaneous bone regeneration is heavily restricted because of bone defects, and external
mediation is required to enhance repair and regeneration. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is …

Repair of bone defects is a time-consuming, self-healing process based on tissue modeling
and remodeling. However, the capacity of this method is limited, especially for critical-sized …

Smart or stimuli-responsive materials are an emerging class of materials used for tissue
engineering and drug delivery. A variety of stimuli (including temperature, pH, redox-state …

Hydrogels have attracted much attention for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications
due to the similarity of their biomimetic structure to the extracellular matrix of natural living …

In addition to proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides are an important type of
biomacromolecule widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms …