Establishing the first human presence on Mars will be the most technically challenging
undertaking yet in the exploration beyond our planet. The remoteness of Mars from Earth …

Early Mars climate research has well-defined goals (MEPAG 2018). Achieving these goals
requires geologists and climate modelers to coordinate. Coordination is easier if results are …

Geological evidence shows that ancient Mars had large volumes of liquid water. Models of
past hydrogen escape to space, calibrated with observations of the current escape rate …

Reconciling the geology of Mars with models of atmospheric evolution remains a major
challenge. Martian geology is characterized by past evidence for episodic surface liquid …

Mars has lost most of its initial water to space as atomic hydrogen and oxygen. Spacecraft
measurements have determined that present-day hydrogen escape undergoes large …

The habitability of the surface of any planet is determined by a complex evolution of its
interior, surface, and atmosphere. The electromagnetic and particle radiation of stars drive …

Perseverance explored two geological units on the floor of Jezero Crater over the first 420
Martian days of the Mars2020 mission. These units, the Máaz and Séítah formations, are …

While devoid of an active magnetic dynamo field today, Mars possesses a remanent
magnetic field that may reach several thousand nanoteslas locally. The exact origin and the …

Martian moons exploration, MMX, is the new sample return mission planned by the Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) targeting the two Martian moons with the scheduled …

The corona is a layer of hot plasma that surrounds the Sun, traces out its complex magnetic
field, and ultimately expands into interplanetary space as the supersonic solar wind …