With the global climate anomalies and the destruction of ecological balance, the water
shortage has become a serious ecological problem facing all mankind, and drought has …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Stressful environments such as salinity, drought, and high temperature (heat) cause
alterations in a wide range of physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the “classical” plant hormones, ie discovered at least 50 years
ago, that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. This chapter reviews our …

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a reactive oxygen species, is widely generated in many
biological systems. It has been considered as an important signaling molecule that mediates …

Calcium has well-documented roles in plant signaling, water relations and cell wall
interactions. Significant research into how calcium impacts these individual processes in …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous reactive oxygen species (ROS) that has evolved as a
signaling hormone in many physiological processes in animals. In plants it has been …

In plants dehydration imposed by salinity can invoke physical changes at the interface of the
plasma membrane and cell wall. Changes in hydrostatic pressure activate ion channels and …

Guard cells perceive a variety of chemicals produced metabolically in response to abiotic
and biotic stresses, integrate the signals into reactive oxygen species and calcium …

The decade since the publication of the third edition of this volume has been an era of great
progress in biology in general and the plant sciences in particular. This is especially true …