Historically, the term 'keratin'stood for all of the proteins extracted from skin modifications,
such as horns, claws and hooves. Subsequently, it was realized that this keratin is actually a …

Most non‐tetrapod vertebrates develop mineralized extra‐oral elements within the
integument. Known collectively as the integumentary skeleton, these elements represent the …

Background Chronic stress is implicated in behavioral and health issues in cats, but
methods for recognition, evaluation, and measurement of stress are lacking. Cortisol …

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the impact of onychectomy (declawing) upon
subsequent development of back pain and unwanted behavior in cohorts of treated and …

The link between claw morphology and function has been historically difficult to quantify,
analyze, and interpret. In this study, the functional morphology of vertebrate claws is …

Teraterpeton hrynewichorum is an unusual archosauromorph reptile from the Upper Triassic
(Carnian) Evangeline Member of the Wolfville Formation in Nova Scotia (Canada). Its long …

Pleistocene skinning and exploitation of carnivore furs have been previously inferred from
archaeological evidence. Nevertheless, the evidence of skinning and fur processing tends to …

The traditional story of the evolution of the horse (family Equidae) has been in large part
about the evolution of their feet. How did modern horses come to have a single toe (digit III) …

We review the role of biogeochemical signatures, such as stable isotopes and trace
elements, in the cornified claw tissue as a means of studying movement and foraging …

Background Several felids are endangered and threatened by the illegal wildlife trade.
Establishing geographic origin of tissues of endangered species is thus crucial for wildlife …