Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects about 1% of the
world's population. The etiology of RA remains unknown. It is considered to occur in the …

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and macrophage-like synoviocytes (MLS) are the two
main cellular components of the synovium. It has been widely reported that FLS and MLS …

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease with pain and functional disorder of
joints. Multiple strategies toward treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis are operating, while …

Background Macrophages adapt to microenvironments, and change metabolic status and
functions to regulate inflammation and/or maintain homeostasis. In joint cavities, synovial …

No current pharmacological approach is capable of simultaneously inhibiting the
symptomatology and structural progression of osteoarthritis. M1 macrophages and activated …

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with
thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) are thought to play critical roles in cartilage …

CD248/endosialin/TEM1 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein found on the plasma
membrane of activated mesenchymal cells. CD248 functions during embryo development …

Objectives The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) plays a well-
characterised role in the metabolism and activation of endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) …

Pain is a principal contributor to the global burden of arthritis with peripheral sensitization
being a major cause of arthritis-related pain. Within the knee joint, distal endings of dorsal …

Background Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is frequently used to treat rheumatoid arthritis due
to potent anti-inflammatory actions of GCs. Direct actions of GCs on immune cells were …