Observed Arctic sea ice losses are a sentinel of anthropogenic climate change. These
reductions are projected to continue with ongoing warming, ultimately leading to an ice-free …

The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth
century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

The decline in the floating sea ice cover in the Arctic is one of the most striking
manifestations of climate change. In this review, we examine this ongoing loss of Arctic sea …

Arctic Amplification is robustly seen in climate model simulations of future warming and in
the paleoclimate record. Here, we focus on the past century of observations. We show that …

Arctic amplification (AA) is a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean process. This
understanding has evolved from the early concept of AA, as a consequence of snow-ice line …

As assessed over the period of satellite observations, October 1978 to present, there are
downward linear trends in Arctic sea ice extent for all months, largest at the end of the melt …

Polar amplification–the phenomenon where external radiative forcing produces a larger
change in surface temperature at high latitudes than the global average–is a key aspect of …

The cryosphere is an important component of the global climate system. Cryospheric
components are sensitive to climate warming, and changes in the cryosphere can lead to …