The social environment is one of the primary sources of challenging stimuli that can induce a
stress response in animals. It comprises both short-term and stable interactions among …

Environmental factors influencing parents or offspring during embryogenesis can have
knock-on effects at later life stages of the offspring. These effects may prepare the progeny …

Covering diverse species from garter snakes to Komodo dragons, this book delves into the
evolutionary origins and fascinating details of the mysterious social lives of reptiles. Reptiles …

Understanding if and how individuals and populations cope with environmental change is
an enduring question in evolutionary ecology that has renewed importance given the pace …

Neuroplasticity during the prenatal period allows neurons to regenerate anatomically and
functionally for re-programming the brain development. During this critical period of fetal …

Conditions experienced prenatally, by modulating developmental processes, have lifelong
effects on individual phenotypes and fitness, ultimately influencing population dynamics. In …

The glucocorticoid stress response is frequently used to indicate vertebrate response to the
environment. Body temperature may affect glucocorticoid concentrations, particularly in …

Early-life environmental variation can influence later-life physiology, such as the regulation
of glucocorticoids. However, characterizing the effects of environmental factors on hormone …

Evolution of adaptation requires predictability and recurrence of functional contexts. Yet
organisms live in multifaceted environments that are dynamic and ever changing, making it …

The environment that parents experience can influence their reproductive output and their
offspring's fitness via parental effects. Perceived predation risk can affect both parent and …