Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal
transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell …

To flourish, cancers greatly depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME),
and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in TME are critical for cancer occurrence and …

Driver mutations promote initiation and progression of cancer. Pharmacological treatment
can inhibit the action of the mutant protein; however, drug resistance almost invariably …

Mechanical signalling affects multiple biological processes during development and in adult
organisms, including cell fate transitions, cell migration, morphogenesis and immune …

Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B
(PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in …

Cancer is a problem with worldwide importance and is the second leading cause of death
globally. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support their uncontrolled expansion …

Loss of the PTEN tumour suppressor is one of the most common oncogenic drivers across
all cancer types. PTEN is the major negative regulator of PI3K signalling. The PI3Kβ isoform …

PI3Ks are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate intracellular inositol lipids to regulate
signalling and intracellular vesicular traffic. Mammals have eight isoforms of PI3K, divided …

The Ser and Thr kinase AKT, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), was discovered 25
years ago and has been the focus of tens of thousands of studies in diverse fields of biology …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), covalently closed noncoding RNAs, are widely expressed in
eukaryotes and viruses. They can function by regulating target gene expression, linear RNA …