The prefrontal cortex in rats can be distinguished anatomically from other frontal cortical
areas both in terms of cytoarchitectonic characteristics and neural connectivity, and it can be …

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is the primary driver of hypothalamo–
pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) responses. At least part of the role of the PVN is managing …

The pattern and time course of brain activation in response to acute swim and restraint
stress were examined in the rat by in situ hybridization using complementary RNA probes …

This article summarizes the achievements that have been accumulated about the role of c-
Fos as a transcription factor and as a functional marker of activated neurons. Since its …

Activation of the proto-oncogene c-fos in the brain was described initially almost a decade
ago and represents one of the most studied immediate early genes in the brain. Transient c …

Immediate‐early genes (IEG) are powerful tools for identifying activated neurosecretory
neurones and extended circuits that affect neuroendocrine functions. The generally …

1. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) 574 1.1. Control of glucocorticoid levels
during stress 577 1.2. The diurnal rhythm of HPA activity 579 2. Roles of corticotropin …

Animals exposed to chronic stress exhibit normal or enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenal responses to novel, acute stimuli despite the inhibitory endogenous corticosterond …

Following chronic cocaine treatment, we have found a long-lasting increase in AP-1 binding
in the rat nucleus accumbens and striatum, two important targets of the behavioral effects of …

Within the central nervous system, glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36) amide (GLP-1) acts as a
transmitter, inhibiting feeding and drinking behavior. Hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons …