The cumulative science linking stress to negative health outcomes is vast. Stress can affect
health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly …

The human brain undergoes a prolonged period of cortical development that spans multiple
decades. During childhood and adolescence, cortical development progresses from lower …

Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that evokes a biological response is known as stress. The
compensatory responses to these stresses are known as stress responses. Based on the …

The steep rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated complications go along
with mounting evidence of clinically important sex and gender differences. T2DM is more …

Maltreatment-related childhood adversity is the leading preventable risk factor for mental
illness and substance abuse. Although the association between maltreatment and …

Origins and advances in the history of resilience science with children and families are
highlighted in this article, with a focus on interconnections and integration. Individual and …

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA axis) is required for stress adaptation.
Activation of the HPA axis causes secretion of glucocorticoids, which act on multiple organ …

The gut microbiota interacts with the host via neuroimmune, neuroendocrine and neural
pathways. These pathways are components of the brain-gut-microbiota axis and preclinical …

Background Childhood maltreatment is the most important preventable cause of
psychopathology accounting for about 45% of the population attributable risk for childhood …

The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous
system and the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin functions as a key neurotransmitter at both …