Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the
basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and …

HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral
therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the …

Immune checkpoint blockade is effective for some patients with cancer, but most are
refractory to current immunotherapies and new approaches are needed to overcome …

Summary SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells will likely prove critical for long-term immune
protection against COVID-19. Here, we systematically mapped the functional and …

Memory T cells contribute to rapid viral clearance during re-infection, but the longevity and
differentiation of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells remain unclear. Here we conduct ex …

Inducing antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free virological control is a critical step toward a human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cure. In this phase 2a, placebo-controlled, double …

Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there
remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly …

T cell immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-), membrane (M-), and nucleocapsid (N-)
proteins may define COVID-19 severity. Therefore, we compare the SARS-CoV-2-reactive T …

Summary Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are immunotherapy targets in chronic infection and
cancer, but a comprehensive assessment of Tex cell diversity in human disease is lacking …

T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections
and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory …