Sterilizing immunity after vaccination is desirable to prevent the spread of infection from
vaccinees, which can be especially dangerous in hospital settings while managing frail …

How virulence evolves after a virus jumps to a new host species is central to disease
emergence. Our current understanding of virulence evolution is based on insights drawn …

We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred
nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log10 increase (ie, a~ 3.5-fold to 5.5-fold …

Recent discoveries of contemporary genotypes of hepatitis B virus and parvovirus B19 in
ancient human remains demonstrate that little genetic change has occurred in these viruses …

Some medically important viruses―including retroviruses, flaviviruses, coronaviruses, and
herpesviruses―code for a protease, which is indispensable for viral maturation and …

Background Substantial reductions in adult mortality have been observed in South Africa
since the mid-2000s, but there has been no formal evaluation of how much of this decline is …

The study and management of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and of biological
invasions both address the ecology of human-associated biological phenomena in a rapidly …

HIV-1 set-point viral load—the approximately stable value of viraemia in the first years of
chronic infection—is a strong predictor of clinical outcome and is highly variable across …

The direction the evolution of virulence takes in connection with any pathogen is a long-
standing question. Formerly, it was theorized that pathogens should always evolve to be …

Highlights•HIV-1 within-host evolution is short-sighted and favours more virulent
viruses.•Systemic HIV-1 infection is mainly established by a single variant …