Kidney disease is a global health crisis affecting more than 850 million people worldwide. In
the United States, annual Medicare expenditures for kidney disease and organ failure …

The low probability of a drug candidate's clinical success, the time consumed and the high
cost of bringing a drug from concept to market emphasizes the need for new approaches to …

Three-dimensional models of kidney tissue that recapitulate human responses are needed
for drug screening, disease modeling, and, ultimately, kidney organ engineering. Here, we …

Indoxyl sulfate is an extensively studied uremic solute. It is a small molecule that is more
than 90% bound to plasma proteins. Indoxyl sulfate is derived from the breakdown of …

Despite significant progress in the development of renal tissue, recapitulation of perfusable
complex renal tubular tissue with clinically relevant cellular heterogeneity is still remaining a …

In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans.
Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug …

The kidney is frequently involved in adverse effects caused by exposure to foreign
compounds, including drugs. An early prediction of those effects is crucial for allowing novel …

The organs-on-a-chip technology has shown strong promise in mimicking the complexity of
native tissues in vitro and ex vivo, and recently significant advances have been made in …

In modern science, immortalized cells are not only a convenient tool in fundamental
research, but they are also increasingly used in practical medicine. This happens due to …

During drug discovery and prior to the first human dose of a novel candidate drug, the
pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of the drug in humans is predicted from preclinical data. This …