Feedback regulatory circuits provided by regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and suppressive
cytokines are an intrinsic part of the immune system, along with effector functions. Here we …

Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated strongly with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)
genes, implicating T cells in disease pathogenesis. In humans, CD8 T cells predominantly …

Rationale: The diabetes mellitus drug metformin is under investigation in cardiovascular
disease, but the molecular mechanisms underlying possible benefits are poorly understood …

Background An improper balance of regulatory/effector T (T reg/T eff) cells is central to the
development of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. We previously showed …

Rapamycin/interleukin-2 (IL-2) combination treatment of NOD mice effectively treats
autoimmune diabetes. We performed a phase 1 clinical trial to test the safety and …

The discovery of novel drug targets is a significant challenge in drug development. Although
the human genome comprises approximately 30,000 genes, proteins encoded by fewer than …

Interleukins (ILs) are a major subclass of cytokines acting as molecular messengers playing
role in immune system responses via a cascade of signaling pathways. Belonging to the …

Inflammation is typically induced in response to a microbial infection. The release of
proinflammatory cytokines enhances the stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells, as …

Following the seminal discovery of insulin a century ago, treatment of individuals with type 1
diabetes (T1D) has been largely restricted to efforts to monitor and treat metabolic glucose …

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the result of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells
in genetically predisposed individuals with impaired immune regulation. The insufficiency in …