The diseases caused by African trypanosomes (AT) are of both medical and veterinary
importance and have adversely influenced the economic development of sub-Saharan …

Ticks and tick transmitted infectious agents are increasing global public health threats due to
increasing abundance, expanding geographic ranges of vectors and pathogens, and …

Tick saliva is a complex mixture of peptidic and non-peptidic molecules that aid
engorgement. The composition of tick saliva changes as feeding progresses and the tick …

Ticks secrete various anti-coagulatory, anti-vasoconstrictory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-
platelet aggregation factors in their saliva at the bite site during feeding to evade host …

In Lyme borreliosis, the skin constitutes a major interface for the host, the bacteria and the
tick. Skin immunity is provided by specialized immune cells but also by the resident cells: the …

In this study, Trypanosoma brucei was naturally transmitted to mice through the bites of
infected Glossina morsitans tsetse flies. Neutrophils were recruited rapidly to the bite site …

Borrelia burgdorferi is one of the few extracellular pathogens capable of establishing
persistent infection in mammals. The mechanisms that sustain long-term survival of this …

Tick saliva contains a number of effector molecules that inhibit host immunity and facilitate
pathogen transmission. How tick proteins regulate immune signaling, however, is …

Background Ticks are major vectors of diseases affecting humans such as Lyme disease or
domestic animals such as anaplasmosis. Cross-alteration of the vertebrate host skin …

Horses are affected by a wide variety of arthropod ectoparasites, ranging from lice which
spend their entire life on the host, through ticks which feed over a period of days, to …