Closed-loop models of movement control have attracted growing interest in how the nervous
system transforms sensory information into motor commands, and several brain structures …

Purpose While the speech motor system is sensitive to feedback perturbations, sensory
feedback does not seem to be critical to speech motor production. How the speech motor …

The challenge-point framework as a model for thinking about motor learning was first
proposed in 2004. Although it has been well-cited, surprisingly this framework has not made …

Our motor outputs are constantly re-calibrated to adapt to systematic perturbations. This
motor adaptation is thought to depend on the ability to form a memory of a systematic …

Sensorimotor learning is supported by at least two parallel systems: a strategic process that
benefits from explicit knowledge and an implicit process that adapts subconsciously. How do …

Supervised learning depends on instructive signals that shape the output of neural circuits to
support learned changes in behavior. Climbing fiber (CF) inputs to the cerebellar cortex …

During extended motor adaptation, learning appears to saturate despite persistence of
residual errors. This adaptation limit is not fixed but varies with perturbation variance; when …

Every movement ends in a period of stillness. Current models assume that commands that
hold the limb at a target location do not depend on the commands that moved the limb to that …

During reaching movements in the presence of novel dynamics, participants initially co-
contract their muscles to reduce kinematic errors and improve task performance. As learning …

The human motor system can rapidly adapt its motor output in response to errors. The
prevailing theory of this process posits that the motor system adapts an internal forward …