Inducible defences against predators evolve because they reduce the rate of direct
predation, but this benefit is offset by the cost (if any) of defence. If antipredator responses …

Unprovoked shark bite remains a rare, unlikely occurrence; however, shark bite incidence is
increasing world-wide. In an effort to understand why shark bite incidence is increasing, we …

Risk-induced fear effects exerted by top predators are pervasive in terrestrial and marine
systems, with lasting impacts on ecosystem structure and function. The loss of top predators …

Fine‐scale predator movements may be driven by many factors including sex, habitat and
distribution of resources. There may also be individual preferences for certain movement …

Marine mammals feed at a variety of trophic levels, occur from freshwater to open-ocean
ecosystems and are found across virtually all latitudes. Due to their high historical, and …

Although southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) are not considered prey for white sharks
(Carcharodon carcharias), sharks do nonetheless bite sea otters. We analyzed spatial and …

Despite global declines of apex predatory sharks, evidence for ecosystem consequences
remains limited and debated. This is likely a result of both the logistical difficulties of …

Predators can impact prey via predation or risk effects, which can initiate trophic cascades.
Given widespread population declines of apex predators, understanding and predicting the …

The loss of apex marine predators has been reported to have a cascade of detrimental
effects on marine ecosystems; however, the general lack of empirical data can severely limit …

Heavy metals may adversely affect health in marine organisms. As top predators, sharks
may be especially vulnerable to exposure over long lifespans. Here we evaluate plasma …