In the present paper we trace the patterns of convergent evolution of encrusting calcareous
polychaetes and tentaculitoids with respect to the morphology and function of their tubes …

Trepostome bryozoans, with their thick calcitic skeletons, formed the largest number of
symbiotic associations with endobionts in the Phanerozoic. Such associations were also …

Because it is biased compared to the reality of ancient life, the fossil record requires specific
terminology when dealing with possible ancient biological associations of organisms …

The trepostome bryozoans Diplotrypa abnormis, D. bicornis, D. petropolitana, Esthoniopora
communis, E. subsphaerica, Mesotrypa excentrica, M. expressa, M. raritabulata, and …

Bryozoans were common benthic invertebrates in the Silurian seas. The large biodiversity
among Silurian benthic organisms prompted diversified interactions, and as a result …

In contrast to other kinds of biological interactions, symbiosis is a scarcely investigated
aspect of the fossil record. This is largely due to taphonomic biases that often frustrate any …

There was a sudden increase in the diversity of bioclaustrations in the Sandbian (Late
Ordovician) that continued somewhat more slowly in the Katian. The Sandbian was also the …

Clathrodictyids are the most abundant stromatoporoids in the Upper Ordovician **azhen
Formation (middle to upper Katian) of South China. A total of nine species belonging to four …

Parasitic associations involving colonial animals are farily evenly distributed through the
post-Cambrian Phanerozoic and have a long evolutionary history. Parasitism may have …

Cornulites sp. and Fistulipora przhidolensis formed a symbiotic association in the Pridoli
(latest Silurian) of Saaremaa Island, Estonia. This Cornulites sp.–F. przhidolensis …