The limits of user visibility have been exceeded by the internet. The “dark web” or “dark net”
refers to certain unknown portions of the web that cannot be found using standard search …

Deterrence, treatment and legal response to online child sexual exploitation material
(CSEM) offenders is enhanced by the joint consideration of technological behaviours and …

The Tor anonymity network allows users to protect their privacy and circumvent censorship
restrictions but also shields those distributing child abuse content, selling or buying illicit …

Exploring the Tor network requires acquiring onion addresses, which are crucial for
accessing anonymous websites. However, the Tor protocol presents a challenge, as it lacks …

Abstract De-listing, de-platforming, and account bans are just some of the increasingly
common steps taken by major Internet companies to moderate their online content …

Abstract The Dark Web (ie, the anonymous web or Darknet) contains potentially harmful
COVID-19-related information and content such as conspiracy theories and forged …

Abstract Information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly the internet, have
transformed almost every aspect of human life. While most of the breakthroughs in this area …

Abstract The Dark Web is notorious for being a huge marketplace that promotes illegal
products such as indecent images of children, drug, private data, and stolen financial data …

Anonymous communications networks were created to protect the privacy of
communications, preventing censorship and traffic analysis. The most famous anonymous …

Abstract Tor (The Onion Router) is one of the most famous anonymous networks in the Deep
Web. It provides a wide range of legal and illegal hidden services to the user. Recognizing …