The increasing rate of global climate change seen in this century, and predicted to
accelerate into the next, will significantly impact the Earth's oceans. In this review, we …

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In the marine environment any solid, exposed undefended surface will become fouled.
Similarly, fouling may effect numerous species which are able to tolerate a certain degree of …

The physico-chemical environment and the resource needs of phytoplankton, periphyton
and macrophytes are markedly different. In this paper we compare the characteristics of the …

Nutrient loading to coastal bay ecosystems is of a similar magnitude as that to deeper, river-
fed estuaries, yet our understanding of the eutrophication process in these shallow systems …

Artificial fertilization of lakes ultimately leads to reduction in submerged macrophyte
productivity. This has usually been attributed to shading by increasing populations of …

Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess
nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over …

Within the past few decades, major losses of seagrass habitats in coastal waters impacted
by cultural eutrophication have been documented worldwide. In confronting a pressing need …

Anthropogenic activities on coastal watersheds increase nutrient concentrations of
groundwater. As groundwater travels downslope it transports these nutrients toward the …

This document presents an overview of the current state of seagrass conservation and
restoration in the United States, discusses issues that should be addressed in planning …