The ALICE experiment was proposed in 1993, to study strongly-interacting matter at extreme
energy densities and temperatures. This proposal entailed a comprehensive investigation of …

High energy heavy ion collisions create quark gluon plasmas that behave like almost perfect
fluids. Very similar features to those that led to this insight have also been observed in …

Abstract This White Paper presents an overview of the current status and future perspective
of QCD research, based on the community inputs and scientific conclusions from the 2022 …

Two-particle long-range azimuthal correlations are measured in photonuclear collisions
using 1.7 nb− 1 of 5.02 TeV Pb+ Pb collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the …

The elliptic (v 2) and triangular (v 3) azimuthal anisotropy coefficients in central He 3+ Au, d+
Au, and p+ Au collisions at s NN= 200 GeV are measured as a function of transverse …

We present (3+ 1)-dimensional [(3+ 1) D] dynamical simulations of asymmetric nuclear
collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Employing a dynamical initial …

The future opportunities for high-density QCD studies with ion and proton beams at the LHC
are presented. Four major scientific goals are identified: the characterisation of the …

Experimental studies of the collisions of heavy nuclei at relativistic energies have
established the properties of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), a state of hot, dense nuclear …

A multi-phase transport (AMPT) model was constructed as a self-contained kinetic theory-
based description of relativistic nuclear collisions as it contains four main components: the …

Understanding how quarks and gluons behave in the nuclear environment is an important
focus of modern nuclear physics. Recent measurements have provided an improved …