Societally relevant weather impacts typically result from compound events, which are rare
combinations of weather and climate drivers. Focussing on four event types arising from …

As the number of models in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) archives
increase from generation to generation, there is a pressing need for guidance on how to …

Europe has seen a rapid increase in the frequency and intensity of hot extremes in recent
decades. In this study it is shown, using ERA5 reanalysis data 1960–2021, that the hottest …

Abstract Purpose of Review Extratropical jets and associated storm tracks significantly
influence weather and regional climate across various timescales. Understanding jet …

Global climate change projections are subject to substantial modelling uncertainties. A
variety of emergent constraints, as well as several other statistical model evaluation …

We analyze the sources for spread in the response of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime
stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) to global warming in Climate Model Intercomparison Project …

Observations are increasingly used to constrain multi-model projections for future climate
assessments. This study assesses the performance of five constraining methods, which …

While much attention has been given to understanding how anthropogenic radiative forcing
influences the mean state of the climate system, far less scrutiny has been paid to how it may …

Antarctic sea ice is projected to decrease in response to increasing greenhouse gas
concentrations. Limited studies so far have examined the coupled atmosphere–ocean …

Climate models generally predict a poleward shift of the midlatitude circulation in response
to climate change induced by increased greenhouse gas concentration, but the intermodel …