The functions, purposes, and roles of metallothioneins have been the subject of
speculations since the discovery of the protein over 60 years ago. This article guides …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common progressive disease that is typically
characterized by the permanent loss of functional nephrons. As injured nephrons become …

Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant transference.
This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although long-term Cd intake …

Cadmium (Cd) is a significant ecotoxic heavy metal that adversely affects all biological
processes of humans, animals and plants. Exposure to acute and chronic Cd damages …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals without biological function, and its
accumulation in living organisms has been reported. The kidney is a target organ in Cd …

The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is known to be a widespread environmental contaminant
and a potential toxin that may adversely affect human health. Exposure is largely via the …

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal and has spread widely in the environment in
recent decades. This review summarizes current knowledge about Cd contamination of leafy …

The possibility that proteinuria may accelerate kidney disease progression to end-stage
renal failure has received support from the results of increasing numbers of experimental …

Protein reabsorption is a predominant feature of the renal proximal tubule. Animal studies
show that the ability to rescue plasma proteins relies on the endocytic receptors megalin and …

Metallothioneins are cysteine-rich, small metal-binding proteins present in various
mammalian tissues. Of the four common metallothioneins, MT-1 and MT-2 (MTs) are …