Traditional annotation of protein-encoding genes relied on assumptions, such as one open
reading frame (ORF) encodes one protein and minimal lengths for translated proteins. With …

Taking advantage of natural variation promotes our understanding of phenotypic diversity
and trait evolution, ultimately accelerating plant breeding, in which the identification of …

Recent proteogenomic studies revealed extensive translation outside of annotated protein
coding regions, such as non-coding RNAs and untranslated regions of mRNAs. This non …

There is growing interest in the role of translational regulation in cellular homeostasis during
organismal development. Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step in mRNA translation …

Cells utilize transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms to alter gene expression in
response to environmental cues. Gene-specific controls, including changing the translation …

Recent ribosome profiling and proteomic studies have revealed the presence of thousands
of novel coding sequences, referred to as small open reading frames (sORFs), in prokaryotic …

Plants adapt to alterations in light conditions by controlling their gene expression profiles.
Expression of light-inducible genes is transcriptionally induced by transcription factors such …

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) play widespread regulatory functions in modulating
mRNA translation in eukaryotes, but the principles underlying the genomic distribution and …

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are typically defined as translation sites located
within the 5′ untranslated region upstream of the main protein coding sequence (CDS) of …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which play vital roles in many regulatory pathways, are
widespread in many species. Although many circRNAs have been discovered in plants and …