Over the past decade, clinical and basic research has demonstrated that estrogen has a
dramatic impact on the response to vascular injury and the development of atherosclerosis …

Gender-associated differences in the development of cardiovascular diseases have been
described in humans and animals. These differences could explain the low incidence of …

A marked gender difference exists in the prevalence and The normal vascular endothelium
is only one cell layer severity of cardiovascular disease, even after adjustment thick …

Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are an important target of estrogen action through both the
classical genomic (ie nuclear-initiated) activities of estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and …

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally diverse non-steroidal
compounds that bind to oestrogen receptors and produce oestrogen agonist effects in some …

Endogenous estrogens are important regulators of cardiovascular homeostasis in
premenopausal women and delay the development of hypertension and coronary artery …

The endothelium is thought to play an important role in the genesis of atherosclerosis, and
several lines of evidence suggest that the effect of an intervention on endothelial function …

Background—The Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) trial showed that raloxifene, a
selective estrogen receptor modulator, had no overall effect on the incidence of coronary …

Background—Nontranscriptional signaling through estrogen receptors (ERs) is important in
the cardiovascular system. In particular, estrogen stimulates endothelial NO synthase …

Background—It has not been completely clarified whether selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs) such as raloxifene exert vasoprotective effects similar to those of …