Many experimental testing techniques have been adopted in order to provide an
understanding of the biomechanics of the human intervertebral disc (IVD). The aim of this …

Biomechanical testing methodologies for the spine have developed over the past 50 years.
During that time, there have been several paradigm shifts with respect to techniques. These …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a key component of the intervertebral disc (IVD) that is widely
investigated as an IVD biomaterial. One persisting challenge is introducing materials …

The human intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex organ composed of fibrous and
cartilaginous connective tissues, and it serves as a boundary between 2 adjacent vertebrae …

Tissues in the intervertebral disc have a large capacity to absorb water, partially due to the
high glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, which decreases linearly from the nucleus pulposus …

Breathing involves fluid-solid interactions in the lung; however, the lack of experimental data
inhibits combining the mechanics of air flow to airway deformation, challenging the …

Annulus fibrosus (AF) plays a crucial role in the biomechanical loading of intervertebral disc
(IVD). AF is difficult to self-heal when the annulus tears develop, because AF has a unique …

Preclinical studies involving large animal models aim to recapitulate the clinical situation as
much as possible and bridge the gap from benchtop to bedside. To date, studies …

Circadian clocks in the brain and peripheral tissues temporally coordinate local physiology
to align with the 24 hours rhythmic environment through light/darkness, rest/activity and …

Degenerative diseases of the spine can lead to or hasten the onset of additional spinal
problems that significantly reduce human mobility. The spine consists of vertebral bodies …