Traditional pathology approaches have played an integral role in the delivery of diagnosis,
semi-quantitative or qualitative assessment of protein expression, and classification of …

The clinical development of checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy has ushered in an
exciting era of anticancer therapy. Durable responses can be seen in patients with …

Background & Aims Nivolumab, a programmed death (PD)-1 (PD-1) inhibitor, led to durable
responses, manageable safety, and increased survival in patients with advanced …

Cancer immunotherapy is now established as a powerful way to treat cancer. The recent
clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade (antagonists of CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1) …

Immune checkpoint therapies (ICT) can reinvigorate the effector functions of anti-tumour T
cells, improving cancer patient outcomes. Anti-tumour T cells are initially formed during their …

INTRODUCTION During the past few decades, research has provided breakthroughs that
have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms and pathways that regulate the …

Modulating immune inhibitory pathways has been a major recent breakthrough in cancer
treatment. Checkpoint blockade antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 …

Abstract Background Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed death ligand 1
(PD-L1) are targets of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods Forty-three World Health …

Cancer survival rates are generally increasing in the United States. These trends have been
partially attributed to improvement in therapeutic strategies. Cancer immunotherapy is an …

The diagnosis of cancer is typically based on histopathological sections or biopsies on glass
slides. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches have greatly enhanced our ability to extract …