The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many
neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA axis activity can be observed during chronic …

There is now strong evidence of progressive neuropathological processes in bipolar
disorder (BD). On this basis, the current understanding of the neurobiology of BD has shifted …

The most common mood disorders are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
(BD). The pathophysiology of BD is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood …

BackgroundA reliable biomarker signature for bipolar disorder sensitive to illness phase
would be of considerable clinical benefit. Among circulating blood-derived markers there …

Recent evidence suggests that peripheral markers related to oxidative stress, inflammation
and neurotrophins may be altered during mood episodes in bipolar disorder. These can be …

The cognitive impairment and neuroanatomical changes that takes place among patients
with bipolar disorder (BD) patients has been well described. Recent data suggest that …

Recent data show that biomarkers differ in early and late-stage bipolar disorder (BD). Here
we propose a model of staging for bipolar disorder that emphasizes the potential use of …

Background Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder that presents impairments in
neurocognition and social cognition. Several studies have suggested that the etiology of …

Depression is a major cause of morbidity and low quality of life among patients with
cardiovascular disease (CVD), and it is now considered as an independent risk factor for …

The purpose of this study was to analyze the evidence supporting a staging model for
bipolar disorder. The authors conducted an extensive Medline and Pubmed search of the …