Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate
extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical …

Freshwater is a vital resource for both ecosystem health and human survival, and it is the
natural resource that is the most extracted at the global level. Excessive freshwater …

Approximately 172 million rural households in China in 2022, will still rely on traditional
biofuels instead of electricity. This study explores the feasibility of achieving rural …

Evaporation is an important hydrological process in the water cycle, especially for water
bodies. Machine Learning (ML) models have become accurate and powerful tools in …

Continuously increasing demand for the life‐critical water resource induces severe global
water shortages. It is imperative to advance effective, economic, and environmentally …

A fine global future land use/land cover (LULC) is critical for demonstrating the geographic
heterogeneity of earth system dynamics and human-earth interaction. In this study, we …

Over the past 50 years, humans have extracted the Earth's groundwater stocks at a steep
rate, largely to fuel global agro-economic development. Given society's growing reliance on …

Solar desalination provides a clean and economical way for freshwater supply, thus
becoming more and more promising. In this work, the research progress of multi-stage solar …

Water and energy are substantial mediums which allow to gain comfort and civilization
development. Recently, humanity is facing a water scarcity problem as well as an energy …

Pollution exacerbates a region's water scarcity by making water unfit for different uses and
reducing freshwater availability. Local water scarcity may lead to economic output losses …