200 billion red blood cells (RBCs) are produced every day, requiring more than 2× 10 15
iron atoms every second to maintain adequate erythropoiesis. These numbers translate into …

The liver orchestrates systemic iron balance by producing and secreting hepcidin. Known as
the iron hormone, hepcidin induces degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin to control …

The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the
major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron …

Despite fluctuations in dietary iron intake and intermittent losses through bleeding, the
plasma iron concentrations in humans remain stable at 10–30μM. While most of the iron …

Disruptions in iron homeostasis from both iron deficiency and overload account for some of
the most common human diseases. Iron metabolism is balanced by two regulatory systems …

Under evolutionary pressure to counter the toxicity of iron and to maintain adequate iron
supply for hemoglobin synthesis and essential metabolic functions, humans and other …

In the late 1800s, hemochromatosis was considered an odd autoptic finding. More than a
century later, it was finally recognized as a hereditary, multi-organ disorder associated with a …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members, which include TGF-βs, activins and
bone morphogenetic proteins, are pleiotropic cytokines that elicit cell type-specific effects in …

Hepcidin is a key hormone that is involved in the control of iron homeostasis in the body.
Physiologically, hepcidin is controlled by iron stores, inflammation, hypoxia, and …

Iron is critical to the survival of almost all living organisms. However, inappropriately low or
high levels of iron are detrimental and contribute to a wide range of diseases. Recent …