Snake venoms are mixtures of toxins that vary extensively between and within snake
species. This variability has serious consequences for the management of the world's 1.8 …

Snake venoms are heterogeneous mixtures of proteins and peptides used for prey
subjugation. With modern proteomics there has been a rapid expansion in our knowledge of …

The role of natural selection in the evolution of trait complexity can be characterized by
testing hypothesized links between complex forms and their functions across species …

Venom is a complex trait with substantial inter-and intraspecific variability resulting from
strong selective pressures acting on the expression of many toxic proteins. However …

The diversity of venomous organisms and the toxins they produce have been increasingly
investigated, but taxonomic bias remains important. Neogastropods, a group of marine …

Snake venoms represent a danger to human health, but also a gold mine of bioactive
proteins that can be harnessed for drug discovery purposes. The evolution of snakes and …

Animal venom systems have emerged as valuable models for investigating how novel
polygenic phenotypes may arise from gene evolution by varying molecular mechanisms …

Variation in gene regulation is ubiquitous, yet identifying the mechanisms producing such
variation, especially for complex traits, is challenging. Snake venoms provide a model …

Venom is a key adaptive innovation in snakes, and how nonvenom genes were co-opted to
become part of the toxin arsenal is a significant evolutionary question. While this process …

Oral venom systems evolved multiple times in numerous vertebrates, enabling the
exploitation of unique predatory niches. Yet how and when they evolved remains poorly …