In the past three decades, our understanding of brain–behavior relationships has been
significantly shaped by research using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques …

Explore-exploit decisions require us to trade off the benefits of exploring unknown options to
learn more about them, with exploiting known options, for immediate reward. Such decisions …

Reinforcement learning and decision-making (RLDM) provide a quantitative framework and
computational theories with which we can disentangle psychiatric conditions into the basic …

Humans are set apart from other animals by many elements of advanced cognition and
behaviour, including language, judgement and reasoning. What is special about the human …

Highlights•Humans use uncertainty-based algorithms to balance exploration and
exploitation.•Humans utilize structure in the state space to make exploration more …

Foraging is a fundamental behavior, and many types of animals appear to have solved
foraging problems using a shared set of mechanisms. Perhaps the most common foraging …

Involvement of dopamine in regulating exploration during decision-making has long been
hypothesized, but direct causal evidence in humans is still lacking. Here, we use a …

The explore-exploit dilemma occurs anytime we must choose between exploring unknown
options for information and exploiting known resources for reward. Previous work suggests …

The explore-exploit dilemma refers to the challenge of deciding when to forego immediate
rewards and explore new opportunities that could lead to greater rewards in the future …

Exploratory behaviors can serve an adaptive role within novel or changing environments.
Namely, they facilitate information gain, allowing an organism to maintain accurate beliefs …