The limitations of traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal testing, when it
comes to precisely foreseeing the toxicity and clinical effectiveness of potential drug …

Organoids are systems derived from pluripotent stem cells at the interface between
traditional monolayer cultures and in vivo animal models. The structural and functional …

Integrated in vitro models of human organogenesis are needed to elucidate the multi-
systemic events underlying development and disease. Here we report the generation of …

Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective and widely used anti-seizure medication but is
teratogenic when used during pregnancy, affecting brain and spinal cord development for …

In the process of generating organoids, basement membrane extracts or Matrigel are often
used to encapsulate cells but they are poorly defined and contribute to reproducibility …

Spinal cord injury is a condition in which the parenchyma of the spinal cord is damaged by
trauma or various diseases. While rapid progress has been made in regenerative medicine …

Nanotechnology has been developed rapidly in recent decades and widely applied in
ocular disease therapy. Nano-drug delivery systems overcome the bottlenecks of current …

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a dynamic, multipotent, vertebrate-specific population of
embryonic stem cells. These ectodermally-derived cells contribute to diverse tissue types in …

The formation of the vertebrate body involves the coordinated production of trunk tissues
from progenitors located in the posterior of the embryo. Although in vitro models using …

The functional complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) is unparalleled in living
organisms. Its nested cells, circuits and networks encode memories, move bodies and …